echobasics



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	Echocardiography 5 minutes before starting

	Echocardiographic examinations
	—Echocardiographic examinations Transthoracic examination TEE - views Stress echocardiography Contrast echocardiography Cardiac asynchrony Strain Imaging 3D \| 4D echo Indications for echocardiography Training in echocardiography	—Cardiac function and PA pressure	—Examples of pathological findings

	Contrast echocardiography
	Guidelines and Standards Clinical Applications of Ultrasonic Enhancing Agents in Echocardiography, 2018 Transpulmonary contrast agents are used to opacify left heart chambers, e.g. for enhancement of left ventricular endocardial border definition. Difficult Doppler signals can also be enhanced with echocardiographic contrast agents. Right sided contrast agents are used to exclude shunts, e.g. patent foramen ovale. More on myocardial contrast echocardiography can be found here.
			Transpulmonary echocardio- graphic contrast agents will be used, e.g. in case of poor ultrasound image quality, as shown in this case, to enhance assessment of the lateral wall of the left ventricle.

			Right sided contrast agents are very useful in the depiction of intracardiac shunt. In this exam- ple, a large ASD can be seen showing a clear negative contrast effect (arrow).

			Left: several small left-to-right shunts depicted with color Doppler (PFO fenestrations). Right: ASA and PFO with massive right-to-left ultrasound contrast agent passage at the end of a Valsalva maneuver.
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	© Derliz Mereles ORCID
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